Sinopec PVA 100-27

Surface Sizing at the Metering Size Press: Cobb Value Depression Without Over-Hardening

Fine paper mills running at stock speeds above 1,200 m/min require a surface size that cuts the Cobb₆₀ water absorption value to below 22 g/m² (ISO 535:2014) while preserving fold endurance and toner adhesion on high-speed laser printers. PVA 100-27, when co-cooked in a jet cooker with an oxidized corn starch at a ratio of 1:8 to 1:12 (PVA:starch) and applied as a 7–10% solids solution at 55–60°C via a film-transfer metering size press, reduces the Cobb value of a wood-free uncoated base paper from 110 g/m² to 18–21 g/m² in a single pass. The critical processing window lies in the temperature applied to the puddle: below 55°C, the low-molecular-weight fractions of PVA begin to gel and create transfer streaks on the applicator roll; above 62°C, the starch component undergoes rapid thermal thinning, leading to a film thickness reduction of up to 15% and a consequent rise in Cobb value by 4–6 g/m². On Voith SpeedSizer or Valmet OptiSizer units, the rod pressure is maintained at 0.8–1.2 bar and the metering blade angle at 25–30° to deposit a dry coat weight of 1.2–2.0 g/m². A distinct advantage of using a fully hydrolyzed PVA over a partly hydrolyzed counterpart emerges during the after-drying phase: the crystalline film formed by PVA 100-27 on the web surface exhibits an IGT pick strength exceeding 2.8 m/s with medium-viscosity oil (ISO 3783:2006), whereas a comparable formulation with an 88% hydrolyzed PVA yields no better than 2.2 m/s, due to moisture plasticization in the drier sections operating at 140°C. Print house records indicate that paper sized with this PVA exhibits substantially lower dusting on offset blankets—lint accumulation measured by the UCSD dusting tester falls by 40–50% relative to boards treated with pure oxidized starch size. An incompatibility worth noting: mixing concentrated PVA 100-27 solution with styrene-butadiene latex dispersions in the supply tank without adequate buffering to pH 7.5–8.0 leads to bridging flocculation and catastrophic cobinder coagulation within 15 minutes, since the high surface energy PVA adsorbs onto the carboxylated latex particles and displaces the stabilizing surfactant. Operators on the PM line therefore blanket the common feed pipe with a progressive cavity pump after each size recipe changeover.

Why Film Disintegration at Below 20°C Fails with Fully Hydrolyzed PVA in Unit-Dose Detergents

Unit-dose packaging of liquid laundry detergents demands a water-soluble film that dissolves completely within 60 seconds in wash water at 10°C without leaving a sticky residue on the machine door seal. Films cast from a blend of PVA 100-27 and a polyvinyl alcohol with a degree of hydrolysis of 88% exhibit a threshold incompatibility when the fully hydrolyzed fraction exceeds 25% of the total PVA solids: the dissolution time in a 20°C water bath (Sartorius dissolution tester, 50 rpm paddle agitation) jumps from 45 seconds to over 180 seconds because cold-water solubility of the crystalline lattice requires sufficient acetate groups to disrupt inter-chain hydrogen bonding. This property, however, is exploited in warmer wash regimes—formulators incorporating 15–20% PVA 100-27 into a cold-water-soluble PVOH matrix report that the resultant film withstands humid tropical storage (30°C, 80% R.H.) for six months without the “dog-bone” elongation and leaching of non-encapsulated perfume visible in films comprising exclusively low-hydrolysis PVOH. A blown-film line from Windmöller & Hölscher configured with a three-layer die produces a 45–65 µm film where the core layer contains 40% of PVA 100-27 and the skin layers are made of a plasticized PVOH copolymer with a 87% hydrolysis. This asymmetric structure achieves the seal-strength target of 25 N/15 mm (ASTM F88/F88M-21) at a heat-seal jaw temperature of 175°C, while the dissolution residue measured on a 160 µm sieve remains below 2 mg/cm² of film. During blown-film extrusion of a pure PVA 100-27 compound, processors encounter a narrow melt-processing window: the melting point of 228°C approaches the degradation onset of 240°C (DSC thermogram, 10 K/min ramp). Adding 12–15 phr of a glycerin/sorbitol plasticizer blend depresses the melt temperature to 195–205°C in a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder with a length-to-diameter ratio of 36:1, but screw speeds beyond 40 rpm cause a localized temperature overshoot at the mixing elements, generating specks of crosslinked gel visible under oblique light. When such films are vacuum-formed into detergent pod cavities with a depth-to-diameter ratio greater than 0.8, a preheat time of at least 3.5 seconds at 120°C is mandatory to avoid micro-tears at the bottom corner; skipping this preheat reduces the burst strength from 350 kPa to below 180 kPa. Regulatory compliance with the European Detergents Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 Annex VII on ultimate biodegradability of water-soluble films is met for PVA 100-27-based structures when the dosage does not exceed 0.5 g per wash cycle.

A recurring bottleneck in the batch production of polyvinyl acetate homopolymer and vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer dispersions for wood adhesives (D3 and D4 durability classes per EN 204/205) is the narrow window for grafting reactions between the protective colloid and the monomer. PVA 100-27, with an exceptionally low residual acetyl content (≤0.2 mol%), minimizes the concentration of acetyl groups adjacent to vinyl acetate monomer droplets charged into a 10 m³ jacketed reactor equipped with a Pfaudler impeller operated at 80–120 rpm. This low acetyl concentration suppresses the radical chain transfer to the colloid backbone that would otherwise generate uncontrolled amounts of graft copolymer, which in turn raises the dispersion viscosity beyond the acceptable maximum of 4,000 mPa∙s (Brookfield RVT, spindle #6, 20 rpm). In a recipe targeting a final solids content of 55–57% and a viscosity of 2,500–3,500 mPa·s, the protective colloid charge comprises 5–8 parts per hundred parts monomer of PVA 100-27, first dissolved in deionized water at 90–95°C for at least 60 minutes and then cooled to 60°C before transfer into the reactor. Post-addition of ammonium persulfate initiator ( 0.25–0.35% by weight on monomer) triggers polymerization, during which the grafting efficiency—defined as the mass fraction of PVA permanently bound to the PVAc particle surface versus free PVA in the serum—must stay in the range of 25–35% to prevent the formation of a stringy, thixotropic gel that cannot pass through a 100 µm bag filter. Adhesive manufacturers utilizing a disc coater for lamination of veneer cores to decorative surfaces observe that a dispersion stabilized with PVA 100-27 yields a wet tack time of 8–12 minutes (EN 14257:2005) when compounded with 15% dibutyl phthalate plasticizer on dry weight, allowing repositioning of the veneer before press lamination at 0.3–0.5 MPa. Furthermore, the heat resistance of the adhesive film, quantified as the temperature at which the D3 bond fails in a shear test at 80°C, improves by 8–10°C over a comparable formulation using a medium-hydrolysis PVA (88%), because the high-crystallinity PVA 100-27 acts as a physical crosslink that restrains viscous flow until the crystalline melting point initiates at about 225°C. Storage stability tests conducted in accordance with DIN EN 12765 reveal that a PVAc dispersion made with this fully hydrolyzed colloid shows a viscosity increase of less than 15% after 28 days at 50°C, provided that the free monomer content after finishing is below 0.1%. Specific operational caution: the addition of any amine-containing buffer (e.g., monoethanolamine) to the finished dispersion above 0.05 wt% triggers a pronounced yellowing and a stepwise gelation within 24–72 hours because the alkaline medium deprotonates residual acetate groups and accelerates a base-catalyzed aldol condensation of acetaldehyde impurities released by backbone scission.

When Polyvinyl Alcohol Replaces Cellulose Ethers in Cementitious Tile Adhesives

Dry-mix formulations for cementitious tile adhesives classified as C2TE or C2TES1 per EN 12004-1:2017 often rely on cellulose ethers to provide water retention and open time, but in thin-bed applications on gypsum-based substrates, these ethers can retard the setting excessively and cause blistering if the adhesive is covered too quickly. Substituting 30–50% of the cellulose ether content with PVA 100-27 powder—added directly into a tumble blender at a dosage of 0.4–0.8% by total dry mortar weight—results in a water retention value of 92–96% (filter paper method per ASTM C110-20) versus 98% for a pure methylcellulose system, yet the open time under hot, dry conditions (30°C, 35% R.H.) increases from 20 minutes to 28–30 minutes because the PVA film formed at the surface retards evaporation without forming a rigid, hydrophobic skin that prevents rewetting. Mortar consistency tested with a Hägermann cone on a flow table (EN 1015-3:1999) consistently measures a spread of 150–160 mm at a water-to-dry-mix ratio of 0.23–0.25. A critical process limitation surfaces when the mixing water is added at a temperature below 15°C: the PVA 100-27 dissolution is incomplete, and undis solved powder particles act as crack initiators after the adhesive cures, visible under a scanning electron microscope as spherical voids of 20–50 µm surrounded by a halo of unhydrated cement. Field reports from tilers working in winter conditions in Northern Europe confirm sporadic debonding when the adhesive was mixed at about 10°C water and immediately applied; pre-warming the mixing water to 25–30°C resolves the issue. Mechanical properties: 28-day tensile adhesion strength on concrete after heat ageing at 70°C for 14 days remains at 1.1–1.3 MPa for a formulation with 0.6% PVA 100-27, exceeding the 1.0 MPa minimum for C2 performance, whereas the pure cellulose ether control degrades to 0.8 MPa. An incompatibility to document: formulations containing high-alumina cement as a rapid-setting co-binder should avoid PVA 100-27 entirely, because the rapid release of aluminates in the first minutes of hydration crosslinks the PVA into an insoluble hydrogel that liberates acetic acid, reducing the pH locally and causing a characteristic odor of vinegar in the finished installation.

Barrier Film Extrusion for Textile Interlinings: Melt Strength Under Extensional Flow

Coating and laminating plants producing fusible interlinings for shirt collars and cuffs process PVA 100-27 into a 25–40 µm monolayer film that is then gravure-printed with a hot-melt adhesive dot pattern. The extrusion line, typically a single-screw extruder with a 25 D length, a barrier screw, and a coat-hanger die, requires the grade to possess sufficient melt strength to withstand draw-down ratios above 8:1 without film-break caused by neck-in beyond 15%. Fully hydrolyzed PVA 100-27 exhibits a complex shear viscosity at 230°C of around 800–1,200 Pa·s at a shear rate of 100 s⁻¹ (capillary rheometer, die L/D=30), a value that mandates a die pressure in the range of 80–120 bar and a motor load near 85% of the extruder’s maximum torque when throughput is pushed to 120 kg/h. Because the crystalline domains in the melt act as physical entanglements, the elongational viscosity—qualitatively measured via the melt’s sag resistance during vertical drawing into a chill roll gap—prevents resonance draw instability at stretch ratios that would shred a low-hydrolysis PVA containing 10% plasticizer. The film is quenched on a polished chrome chill roll maintained at 40–50°C; cooling too fast (below 30°C) freezes in an amorphous surface layer that develops a haze exceeding 12% (ASTM D1003-21 haze measurement) and fails the clarity requirement for luxury garment interlinings. Barrier performance against detergent migration—a failure mode in dry-cleaning processes where perchloroethylene carries dissolved surfactant into the interlining—is assessed by measuring the breakthrough time of a 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution through the film under a hydrostatic head of 500 mm (modified BS EN 20811:1992 test). A 30 µm PVA 100-27 film achieves a breakthrough time of 45–55 minutes, contrasting with 18–22 minutes for a copolymer PVA film of the same gauge. This barrier characteristic links directly to the film’s degree of crystallinity, determined via DSC to be 34–38% for PVA 100-27 when extruded under the specified temperature profile of 190–220°C across four barrel zones. Any attempt to push the melt temperature below 190°C to reduce energy consumption results in crystalline gel blockages at the screen pack—a consequence of the polymer’s sharp melting point and the absence of a sufficient amorphous fraction to permit flow at lower temperatures.

Sinopec PVA 100-27 is a fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol resin manufactured via alcoholysis of polyvinyl acetate under controlled suspension conditions. Its specification sheet identifies a 4 wt% aqueous solution viscosity at 20 °C in the range 25.0–30.0 mPa·s, measured according to GB/T 12010.2 (rotational viscometer method), and a degree of hydrolysis of 98.0–99.0 mol% (GB/T 12010.4). Ash content is held below 0.5 wt%, volatile matter below 5.0 wt%, and pH in a 4% solution between 5.0 and 7.0. These numbers establish the grade as a mid-viscosity, fully hydrolyzed PVA positioned between the lower-viscosity 100-14 and the higher-viscosity 100-37 within Sinopec’s fully hydrolyzed series. Unlike partially hydrolyzed grades such as 088-20, the high degree of hydrolysis of 100-27 results in a 1,3-diol structure content exceeding 1.7 mol%, elevating the crystalline melting point to approximately 228–232 °C and reducing cold-water solubility markedly.

What Constitutes the Molecular Architecture of Sinopec PVA 100-27?

The backbone consists of head-to-tail vinyl alcohol units with residual acetate groups distributed randomly, typically below 2.0 mol%. Gel permeation chromatography against poly(ethylene oxide) standards gives a weight-average molecular weight near 110,000–120,000 g/mol, corresponding to a degree of polymerization of roughly 2400–2600. The tacticity, governed by the radical polymerization of the vinyl acetate precursor, is predominantly atactic. The polymer’s high syndiotactic diad fraction—common in suspension-polymerized PVA—promotes interchain hydrogen bonding, which directly influences the film’s tensile modulus and its resistance to dissolution below 60 °C. Moisture regain at 65% RH and 20 °C stabilizes around 4.5–5.0 wt%, a factor that must be accounted for when weighing air-dried powder for solvent-based formulations.

When Dissolution Kinetics Dictate Process Design

Without a header, this section begins as a dense technical paragraph. The cook temperature for complete dissolution in water lies between 90 °C and 95 °C under moderate shear; below 85 °C, undissolved gel particles persist, leading to fisheye defects in cast films. Plant trials conducted on a 200 L jacketed stainless-steel vessel equipped with a twin-shaft dissolver (anchor + high-speed disperser, 15 kW) show that a 10 wt% solids slurry pre-soaked at 25 °C for 30 min and then ramped to 93 °C over 45 min yields a Brookfield viscosity stability of ±2% after 2 h holding. Foaming becomes problematic when the agitator tip speed exceeds 3.5 m/s; defoamer dosing with a silicone-free, food-grade polyether at 0.02–0.05 wt% is operational standard.

Incompatibility arises with borate ions and certain divalent metal salts: addition of borax at pH > 8 triggers instantaneous crosslinking, raising viscosity beyond pumpable limits within seconds. Therefore, 100-27 solutions should not be buffered with borate-based preservatives unless a competing polyol complexing agent is added first. Published data for long-term storage of 15 wt% solutions at 40 °C show a gradual increase in solution viscosity of 0.5–1.0 mPa·s per week due to progressive intermolecular hydrogen bonding rearrangement, a drift that can be mitigated by cooling to 10 °C or adding 2 wt% of a lower alcohol such as isopropanol as a temporary rheology stabilizer.

Film Formation and Solubility Characteristics

Solution-cast films dried on a chrome-plated belt at 120 °C with a residence time of 8 min develop a density of 1.27–1.31 g/cm³. Tensile testing under ASTM D882-18 on 50 μm conditioned films ( 23 °C, 50% RH) reveals a tensile strength of 60–70 MPa and an elongation at break of 150–200%. The high crystalline fraction, determined by differential scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 10 °C/min, of approximately 38–42% provides excellent gas barrier properties: oxygen permeability at 0% RH is measured below 0.5 cm³·20 μm/m²·day·atm per ASTM D3985-17. However, above 80% RH, the permeability increases fourfold as water plasticizes the amorphous regions, a limitation critical in high-humidity packaging applications where a top-coat of nitrocellulose lacquer is often applied.

Property comparison across representative Sinopec fully hydrolyzed PVA grades (all data per manufacturer’s certificates of analysis, typical values)
Property	Test Method	100-14	100-27	100-37
4% Solution Viscosity (mPa·s)	GB/T 12010.2	12.0–16.0	25.0–30.0	35.0–42.0
Degree of Hydrolysis (mol%)	GB/T 12010.4	98.0–99.0	98.0–99.0	98.0–99.0
Volatile Matter (wt%)	GB/T 12010.3	≤5.0	≤5.0	≤5.0
Ash (wt%)	GB/T 12010.5	≤0.5	≤0.5	≤0.5
Melting Point (°C)	DSC, 10°C/min	226–230	228–232	228–232
Film Tensile Strength (MPa)	ASTM D882	55–65	60–70	65–75

Adhesive and Sizing Applications in Paper Converting

In the paper and corrugated board industry, 100-27 is compounded into starch-based adhesives at 2–5 parts per hundred dry starch to boost wet tack and water resistance without fully replacing the low-cost carrier starch. The addition raises the adhesive’s viscosity from approximately 600 mPa·s to 1200–1800 mPa·s (Brookfield, spindle 3, 20 rpm), measured immediately after cooking at 90 °C, and the green bond strength on a single-facer line running 150 m/min increases by 30–40% when using 3 wt% PVA addition. The insolubilization step uses either ammonium zirconium carbonate at 0.5 wt% on starch solids or a glyoxal-based crosslinker at pH 5.5–6.0. Over-crosslinking with glyoxal beyond 1.0% leads to brittle bonds that fail the TAPPI T 821 pin adhesion test. Machine trials recorded a reduction in warp during single-face lamination of 0.3–0.5 mm per 300 mm board width relative to all-starch controls.

Textile warp sizing represents another high-volume use. The size formulation of 8.5% solids containing 100-27 as the primary film former, supplemented with 1% of an acrylic acid ester size and 0.3% of a wax lubricant, shows a size add-on of 12 ± 1% on Ne 40 cotton yarns. Weaving efficiency on air-jet looms at 600 rpm improves by 4–5% compared to a partly hydrolyzed PVA (088-20) sized under identical conditions, attributed to the fully hydrolyzed grade’s lower moisture sensitivity in the weaving shed at 70% RH. Desizing with hot water at 90 °C for 20 min removes 99% of the film, verified by iodine stain test. A limitation: heavily twisted filament viscose yarns sized with 100-27 may exhibit excessive hairiness reduction, causing reed marks if the size film is not plasticized with at least 5% of a polyglycol plasticizer.

Emulsion Polymerization: The Role as Protective Colloid

In vinyl acetate-based emulsion polymerization, 100-27 acts as a non-ionic protective colloid. Its high molecular weight and hydrolysis degree yield a strong steric barrier during nucleation, allowing stable latices of 50–55% solids with a particle size of 1.2–2.5 μm. Grafted PVA content on the latex particle surface reaches 15–20% of total colloid fed, as determined by extraction with boiling water followed by gravimetric analysis. The resulting polyvinyl acetate homopolymer emulsions formulated with 4% 100-27 display a minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) of 2–4 °C lower than those protected with a lower-DP PVA, due to internal plasticization by the grafted layer. Adhesive manufacturers report improved wet set speed in wood bonding compared to emulsions prepared with 100-14; this is consistent with the higher cohesive strength of the higher-molecular-weight interphase. However, viscosity of the finished latex is higher (roughly 8000–12,000 mPa·s at 25 °C, Brookfield 20 rpm), which may limit spray application without dilution to 45% solids.

Comparative performance: Sinopec 100-27 vs. partially hydrolyzed 088-20 in a standard PVAc wood adhesive formulation (data from internal application notes, **50%** solids content)
Test Parameter	Standard	Adhesive with 100-27	Adhesive with 088-20
Viscosity (mPa·s, 25°C)	ISO 2555	10,500	7400
Open time (minutes, beech)	ASTM D905	8	10
Wet tack (N/cm², 30 s press)	Internal method	18	14
Water resistance class	EN 204	D2	D1
Heat resistance (60°C, 500 g, hours)	DIN EN 14257	2.1	1.3

Processing and Handling Constraints

Moisture content of virgin powder as supplied is 3–5%. Exposure to ambient air at relative humidity above 60% leads to rapid pickup, causing clumping in pneumatic conveying lines. Pre-drying in a fluidized bed dryer at 80 °C to a residual moisture of ≤0.5% is mandatory when the powder is to be melt-processed into cast extruded film via a single-screw extruder with a barrier screw of L/D 30:1 and a melt temperature profile from 180 °C to 220 °C. Even with drying, the narrow processing window—onset of decomposition occurs at 220–230 °C—forces strict residence-time control. Throughput on a 45 mm extruder should not exceed 15 kg/h without a screw cooling core to prevent overheating at the compression section. A polyethylene glycol plasticizer at 5–10 phr is typically required to bring the melt flow index to a processable 2–5 g/10 min (230 °C, 2.16 kg, ISO 1133-1:2022). Without plasticizer, the MFI is below 0.5 g/10 min, making thin-gauge sheet extrusion impractical. Published data for this specific configuration—extrusion-grade formulations using 100-27 without additional tackifiers—is limited, as most extrusion applications favor lower-molecular-weight partially hydrolyzed PVA grades.

In water-based slurry operations, the foam tendency mentioned earlier requires defoamer addition, but defoamer choice is constrained: silicone-based defoamers cause cratering in dried films intended for optical applications. Therefore, a polyglycerol ester defoamer at 0.03% is typically used and its effect on contact angle measured before full-scale adoption. Contact angle on stainless steel with a 8% solution increases by 5–7 degrees when defoamer is present, which may reduce wetting in paper sizing but can be compensated by increasing the size press roll pressure by 2–3 kN/m.

Differentiation from Other Partially and Fully Hydrolyzed Grades

The primary differentiation of 100-27 from the widely used partially hydrolyzed grade 088-20 (hydrolysis degree 86.0–90.0 mol%) lies in its much lower cold-water solubility. An 088-20 powder dissolves to a clear solution at 20–25 °C within minutes; 100-27 requires heating to above 85 °C. This makes 100-27 unsuitable for use as a cold-water packaging film component but advantageous in hot-melt adhesive formulations where room-temperature blocking resistance is critical. Compared to the higher-viscosity 100-37 (35.0–42.0 mPa·s), 100-27 offers a lower solution viscosity for equivalent solids content, easing pumping and filtration through 200-mesh screens without backpressure exceeding 0.5 MPa. In warp sizing, 100-27 yields lower shed deposition on reed and drop wires than 100-37, reducing loom stop frequency by approximately 2–3 stops per 100,000 picks. Against Kuraray Poval 117, a similar fully hydrolyzed grade with a viscosity around 27 mPa·s, 100-27 shows a slightly broader molecular weight distribution (polydispersity index ~2.6 vs. ~2.3 for Poval 117, by GPC), which manifests as a 5–10% lower elastic modulus in gel at equivalent concentration but better film impact resistance at low plasticizer levels, per some converter reports. Sinopec’s suspension polymerization route also yields a particle size distribution of 100–300 μm with a fine content (<75 μm) limited to <2%, reducing dusting during mechanical handling compared to some alternative suppliers’ grades. The absence of a surface-sizing step during manufacture, however, means that 100-27 granules may dissolve somewhat slower than externally coated Poval grades unless the powder is pre-slurried with a wetting agent such as 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate.

HS Code	769319
Product Name	Sinopec PVA 100-27
Cas Number	9002-89-5
Chemical Formula	(C2H4O)n
Appearance	White powder
Viscosity	26.0-30.0 mPa·s (4% aqueous solution, 20°C)
Degree Of Hydrolysis	99.0-100.0 mol%
Ph	5.0-7.0 (aqueous solution)
Volatile Content	≤5.0%
Ash Content	≤0.7%
Average Degree Of Polymerization	Approximately 1000
Melting Point	220-230°C
Density	1.29-1.31 g/cm³
Solubility	Soluble in hot water; practically insoluble in common organic solvents

Packing	Sinopec PVA 100-27 is packaged in 25 kg multi-wall paper bags with polyethylene liner, palletized for safe transport.
Container Loading (20′ FCL)	20′ FCL loaded with Sinopec PVA 100-27, polyvinyl alcohol resin, packed in 25kg bags, safely stowed and secured.
Shipping	Sinopec PVA 100-27 is shipped as a white granular powder in sealed multi-layer paper bags with PE liners, typically 25 kg each, then palletized and stretch-wrapped. It is non-hazardous, moisture-sensitive, and transported in clean, dry containers to avoid contamination and caking, ensuring product integrity.
Storage	Store Sinopec PVA 100-27 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Keep containers tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption and contamination. Avoid generating dust; keep away from strong oxidizers. Use appropriate PPE during handling. Maintain stable temperatures and follow a first-in, first-out system within the stated shelf life.
Shelf Life	Shelf life is typically 12 months when stored in a cool, dry place with original packaging sealed.

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