| HS Code | 384114 |
| Productname | VINAVIL 2428 VAE Emulsion |
| Chemicalfamily | Vinyl Acetate-Ethylene (VAE) Copolymer |
| Physicalform | Aqueous emulsion |
| Appearance | Milky white liquid |
| Solidcontent | 55% (typical range 54-56%) |
| Viscosity | 4000-7000 mPa·s (Brookfield, 25°C) |
| Ph | 4.5-5.5 |
| Particlesize | 0.5-1.0 μm |
| Glasstransitiontemperature | -14°C |
| Minimumfilmformingtemperature | 0°C |
| Density | 1.06 g/cm³ |
| Surfacetension | 35 mN/m |
| Residualvinylacetatemonomer | <0.2% |
| Stabilizersystem | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) |
| Filmappearance | Clear, flexible, slightly tacky film |
As an accredited VINAVIL 2428 VAE Emulsion factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | VINAVIL 2428 VAE Emulsion is supplied in 200 kg drums or 1,000 kg IBC containers, securely sealed to prevent contamination and evaporation. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL shipment of VINAVIL 2428 VAE Emulsion, packed in drums/IBCs, palletized, secured, and container-loaded for safe transport. |
| Shipping | VINAVIL 2428 VAE Emulsion ships as a non-hazardous aqueous polymer dispersion, not regulated as dangerous goods. Transport in sealed drums, IBCs, or tank containers to prevent leakage. Protect from freezing and excessive heat; store between 5–35°C. Ensure clear labeling, proper ventilation, and secure loading to avoid container damage during transit. |
| Storage | Store VINAVIL 2428 VAE Emulsion in original, tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Maintain temperatures between 5°C and 35°C; do not allow to freeze. Keep away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and incompatible materials. Stir gently before use. Use within recommended shelf life to ensure product stability. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is 12 months from manufacture when stored sealed at 5–35°C, protected from frost and direct sunlight. |
In polyethylene-coated kraft lamination and folding carton side-seam bonding, VINAVIL 2428 is introduced as the primary anionic vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer dispersion where cold-flexibility and plasticizer-free compliance are process requirements. The dispersion is typically supplied at 54–56 wt% solids, 3,000–5,000 mPa·s Brookfield viscosity at 25 °C, pH 4.0–5.0, and minimum film-forming temperature below 0 °C by ISO 2115; these boundaries define the window for high-speed adhesive compounding. Industry compliance for this application is centered on FDA 21 CFR 175.105 for incidental food-contact adhesives and FDA 21 CFR 176.170 where the finished paperboard laminate contacts aqueous or fatty foods under conditions of use. In the European Union, converters apply EN 12705:2011 for adhesive bond strength on paper and board, and Regulation (EC) No 2023/2006 for good manufacturing practice in food-contact materials. Formulation addition ratios for side-seam and window-patch adhesives are commonly 70–85 wt% VINAVIL 2428 as supplied, 10–20 wt% rosin ester or hydrocarbon tackifier dispersion, and 0.2–0.8 wt% alkali-swellable polyacrylate thickener; total solids are adjusted to 52–58 wt% with demineralised water. Downstream production proceeds through low-shear compounding in a stainless-steel vessel equipped with an anchor stirrer at 20–40 rpm, followed by vacuum deaeration at -0.08 MPa to -0.09 MPa and filtration through a 100 µm screen before wheel or jet application. The finished product types include side-seam paper cups, folding carton blanks, window-patched paperboard envelopes, and laminated PE-coated kraft trays.
In edge-glued softwood panels and laminated veneer lumber, VINAVIL 2428 is used as a low-formaldehyde alternative to urea-formaldehyde and as a plasticizer-free replacement for polyvinyl acetate homopolymer in durability class D3 assemblies. EN 204:2016 classifies D3 thermoplastic wood adhesives for interior use with occasional short-term exposure to running water; shear testing is conducted by EN 205:2016 on beech lap joints with a 150 µm glue line. The addition ratio in a D3 wood adhesive is typically 80–100 wt% VINAVIL 2428 of the wet polymer phase, with 10–20 wt% of a 8 wt% polyvinyl alcohol solution as open-time modifier and 5–10 wt% calcium carbonate filler with a median particle size of 2–5 µm for gap-filling. Downstream parameter control is more sensitive than with PVAc homopolymer: the lower film-forming temperature of VINAVIL 2428 permits cold pressing at 15–20 °C, but open time shortens below 5 min at 35 °C or above, and closed assembly time must be kept within 8–12 min at 20 °C and 55% RH. Roller-coater application is run at 120–180 g/m² on softwood or beech with a doctor gap of 100–150 µm; cold-press pressure is set at 0.7–1.2 MPa for 20–45 min depending on panel width. The anionic dispersion coagulates if stainless-steel equipment is replaced with uncoated carbon steel that generates Fe³⁺ above 5 mg/L in the wet adhesive; therefore mixing vessels, doctor blades, and transfer lines are specified as 316L stainless steel. Finished assemblies must be conditioned at 20 °C and 65% RH for 7 days before EN 205 bond testing. Terminal finished product types include edge-glued softwood furniture panels, laminated veneer lumber for interior millwork, staircase tread blanks, and window scantlings. The material is not specified for D4 exterior exposure or for structural load-bearing joints because the thermoplastic VAE matrix exhibits creep under sustained load and loses shear strength above 50 °C.
| Application | Standard | Test method | Boundary condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wood assembly | EN 204:2016 | durability class D3 | beech lap joint |
| Wood assembly | EN 205:2016 | tensile shear | 150 µm glue line |
| Interior paint | ISO 11998:2006 | wet-scrub resistance | 200 cycles visual failure threshold |
| Nonwoven | ISO 9073-3 | tensile strength | 100 mm/min jaw speed |
| Food packaging | FDA 21 CFR 176.170 | component compliance | aqueous and fatty food |
Interior wall paints formulated with VINAVIL 2428 are positioned for low-VOC compliance under EU Directive 2004/42/EC, with volatile organic compound content measured by ISO 11890-2; the water-based interior matte wall paint category limit is 30 g/L, and formulations with VINAVIL 2428 are typically run below 10 g/L when solvents and additives are selected accordingly. Wet-scrub resistance is evaluated by ISO 11998:2006 and classified under EN 13300; the addition ratio of VINAVIL 2428 in flat and matte interior coatings is 12–20 wt% as supplied on total formulation, corresponding to 6.5–11 wt% dry binder. Pigment volume concentration remains between 45% and 60%. Because the dispersion has minimum film-forming temperature below 0 °C, coalescent addition is not required at 20 °C; however, at substrate temperatures below 10 °C, 0.5–1.5 wt% ester alcohol coalescent on formulation mass prevents mudcracking. Downstream production disperses pigment first in a high-speed disperser with a Cowles blade of 75–100 mm at 1,000–1,500 rpm for 15–20 min to reach Hegman 5–6; VINAVIL 2428 is then added during letdown at 300–500 rpm after the slurry is neutralised to pH 8.5–9.0 with ammonia or 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Direct addition of the acidic dispersion into a pigment slurry above pH 10 causes shear-induced microcoagulation that appears as grit on 50 µm drawdown bars. Terminal finished product types include low-VOC matte wall paints, ceiling paints, primer-sealer systems for gypsum and cementitious substrates, and pastel tint bases for point-of-sale colour mixing.
Carded through-air bonded nonwovens for hygiene acquisition layers and airlaid absorbent cores use VINAVIL 2428 as a low-blocking, plasticizer-free binder at add-on ratios of 8–15 wt% on dry fibre mass for through-air bonded webs, and 18–25 wt% for airlaid cores where dusting and cross-direction tensile integrity are process-limiting defects. The applicable test framework is ISO 9073-3 for tensile strength at 100 mm/min jaw speed and ISO 9073-6:2003 for absorption capacity; food-contact wipes and absorbent pads require component verification under FDA 21 CFR 176.170 and, in the EU, Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 and Regulation (EC) No 2023/2006. Downstream production applies the binder either by foam impregnation at a foam density of 80–120 g/L through a knife-over-roller, or by spray nozzles with an air pressure of 0.3–0.5 MPa; the web is then dried in a through-air oven at 130–150 °C with residence time of 2–5 min. If wet strength above the non-crosslinked VAE plateau is required, an external crosslinker such as ammonium zirconium carbonate is added at 0.5–1.5 wt% on binder solids; overdosing above 2.0 wt% embrittles the web and reduces ISO 9073-3 elongation at break below 20%. Because VINAVIL 2428 is anionic, addition of cationic wetting agents or antistatic finishes must be staged after the binder is fully diluted, otherwise localised coagulation occurs at feed points. Terminal finished product types include acquisition distribution layers for personal hygiene items, airlaid absorbent cores, industrial cleaning wipes, and nonwoven padding for medical packaging.
When a high-speed gravure lamination line shows intermittent adhesive starvation at speeds above 160 m/min, VINAVIL 2428 is compounded with esterified rosin tackifier dispersion at 15–25 wt% and water at 5–10 wt% to produce application viscosity of 50–80 s Ford Cup 4 at 20 °C. Industry compliance for the finished laminate is tested under EN 12705:2011; for food-contact lamination, the finished article falls under FDA 21 CFR 176.170 for paperboard components, with manufacturing hygiene under Regulation (EC) No 2023/2006. The addition ratio of VINAVIL 2428 in this converting system is 70–80 wt% of wet adhesive mass, with 15–20 wt% tackifier dispersion, 0.05–0.2 wt% mineral-oil-free defoamer, and 0.1–0.3 wt% nonionic wetting agent. Downstream production uses a gravure cylinder with a cell volume of 40–55 cm³/m² and screen ruling of 70–100 lines per inch; transfer to polyethylene-coated kraft is run at 150–180 m/min with a nip pressure of 40–80 N/cm² and a drying tunnel at 80–100 °C with 2–5 m effective path. The main process conflict is mist generation from high cell volume at the upper end of the speed range; reducing cell volume to 35 cm³/m² or raising viscosity to 90 s Ford Cup 4 suppresses mist but increases transfer weight by 8–12%. Cationic antistatic agents or cationic retention aids must not be added, because they destabilise the anionic dispersion and produce insoluble grit that blocks gravure cells; only nonionic antistats at 0.05–0.15 wt% are compatible. Published data for VINAVIL 2428 on polyethylene-coated kraft above 180 m/min is limited; plant validation with cylinder engraving optimisation is required before line qualification. Terminal finished product types include point-of-sale displays, corrugated trays, case-liner laminations, and frozen-food cartons with PE-coated inner liners.
Tufted carpet precoat compounds use VINAVIL 2428 as the primary binder where tuft lock and resistance to pile pull-out are controlled without plasticiser migration. Compliance for the finished textile floor covering follows EN 1307:2014 for classification and ISO 10361:2015 for appearance change under mechanical action; the precoat itself is tested for tuft bind according to ASTM D1335:2017. Addition ratio of VINAVIL 2428 in the precoat is 25–45 wt% of wet compound, with 35–50 wt% calcium carbonate filler of D50 ≤ 10 µm, 0.3–0.8 wt% polyacrylate dispersant, 0.5–2.0 wt% sodium lauryl sarcosinate or amphoteric frothing agent, and water to 100 wt%. Downstream production mixes the compound in a high-speed batch mixer at 800–1,200 rpm for 30 min, screens through 45 µm, and applies via kiss roll or doctor blade at 200–400 g/m² dry add-on; the coated carpet is dried in a stenter oven at 120–150 °C for 5–12 min. Filler agglomerates above 45 µm produce knife streaks on low-weight primary backings; therefore filler slurry is pre-dispersed with 0.3 wt% anionic polyacrylate before binder addition. Terminal finished product types include broadloom tufted carpet, carpet tiles for contract interiors, automotive floor mats, and decorative area rugs.
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VINAVIL 2428 VAE Emulsion is an aqueous vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer dispersion supplied as a white liquid. Manufacturer-published lot-release windows include a solids content of 55 ± 1% by residue on drying under ISO 3251, a pH value of 4.5–6.5 under ISO 976, and a Brookfield RVT apparent viscosity of 8,000–13,000 mPa·s at 20 rpm and 25 °C under ISO 2555. Minimum film-forming temperature is reported as 0 °C under ISO 2115, and specific gravity is approximately 1.07 g/cm³ under ISO 2811. The ethylene comonomer is introduced as an internal modifying unit in the polymer backbone; therefore, the dispersion does not require an external coalescing solvent to achieve film formation at ambient temperature in many industrial coating and adhesive operations. This differs from conventional polyvinyl acetate homopolymer dispersions, which typically exhibit minimum film-forming temperatures above 15 °C and rely on plasticizer migration to lower film formation temperature. Because the product is plasticizer-free, long-term adhesive interfaces do not suffer from plasticizer depletion or contamination of adjacent substrates. VINAVIL 2428 is used in water-based laminating adhesives, paper converting, packaging, and wood-to-porous-board bonding applications where a high-viscosity, high-solids emulsion is required. End-use validation under the relevant performance standard remains necessary for each assembled article.
The polymer architecture is commercially classified as a medium-to-high viscosity VAE grade. In contrast to low-viscosity VAE grades used in nonwoven binding or carpet backing, VINAVIL 2428 is adapted for adhesive transfer methods where the applied wet film must remain sufficiently stable on the roller until lamination without excessive penetration into absorbent substrates. This viscosity band is not an indicator of molecular weight alone; it also reflects protective colloid concentration and particle-size distribution. The dispersion is supplied as a non-flammable waterborne material with low residual monomer content. Compliance documentation should be obtained for the specific production lot. The product may be assessed under Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 for REACH registration and under REACH Annex XVII entry 46 for restriction of nonylphenol ethoxylates. For packaging adhesives intended for indirect food contact, 21 CFR 175.105 provides a regulatory pathway for materials that remain separated by a functional barrier, but migration testing under appropriate food simulants is required depending on the food type. The product is not intended for direct food contact without a barrier.
The shift from a low-viscosity PVAc homopolymer dispersion to VINAVIL 2428 on a roller-applied laminating line alters both rheology and adhesive setting response. PVAc homopolymers used in paper conversion often require dibutyl phthalate or other external plasticizer levels of 5–15% on dry polymer to depress film formation temperature and reduce brittleness. Under sustained mechanical load or heat, the plasticizer can migrate out of the adhesive layer, leading to bond shrinkage, loss of flexibility, and staining of paper substrates. VAE copolymerization with ethylene creates a polymer with permanent internal flexibility, and the reported MFFT of 0 °C permits film coalescence without plasticizer. This reduces extractable content in the dry adhesive film and improves long-term stability of the bond under moderate temperature cycling.
At the polymer-film level, the glass transition temperature of a VAE copolymer is influenced by the weight fraction of ethylene. A MFFT of 0 °C indicates that the film can coalesce at low temperature, but the dry film may still harden at refrigeration temperatures below -10 °C. For frozen food packaging, the adhesive joint should be tested under the actual package temperature and humidity cycle because cold-temperature brittleness depends on the precise ethylene content and crosslink density. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; therefore, the absence of external plasticizer should not be interpreted as guaranteed subzero shock resistance.
On a production laminator, the higher low-shear Brookfield viscosity of 8,000–13,000 mPa·s provides high wet film thickness retention and reduces adhesive strike-through into lightweight papers. However, the same rheology can create pump feed limitations. Positive-displacement pumps with a suction line diameter of at least 25 mm and low impeller speed are recommended; centrifugal pumps may cavitate or generate excessive shear, causing viscosity loss through polymer chain scission or foam entrainment. Batch-to-batch viscosity should be checked at the receiving site using a Brookfield RVT, spindle 4, 20 rpm, 25 °C, and the product should be diluted with deionized water under low-shear agitation before addition to the coating pan.
Setting speed on porous paper and corrugated board is governed by water absorption into the substrate, which increases the local polymer concentration and produces rapid initial tack. The high solids content of 55 ± 1% shortens the open time compared with dispersions containing 45–50% solids, so machine speed, roller gap, and nip pressure must be adjusted to avoid premature skin formation. For wood bonding, DIN EN 204/205 durability classification is determined on the formulated adhesive, not on the raw dispersion; the absence of external plasticizer does not automatically confer a higher class without validation. The use of a compatible crosslinking agent or hardener must be verified for the specific joint geometry.
In water-based laminating of paper-to-aluminum and paper-to-metallized-film structures, VINAVIL 2428 is commonly diluted to 45–55% solids with deionized water and applied by gravure or smooth-roller coating; dry coat weights are typically controlled between 3–8 g/m² for lightweight packaging and up to 20–30 g/m² for high-bond-strength industrial lamination. Drying tunnel temperatures are maintained between 70 °C and 95 °C with an air velocity above 1.5 m/s to remove water from the adhesive surface before lamination to the second web. Residual moisture in the dry adhesive film should be below 1.5–2.0% to prevent blistering and heat-seal failure. Because the emulsion is shear-thinning, gravure cylinder cell depth and line speed influence the actual amount transferred; trials should be run across the full speed range rather than at a single condition.
Foam generation during high-speed gravure application is a significant process variable. VAE dispersions containing protective colloid can entrain air at bath turn-over rates above 5 L/min per coating station; a defoamer or vacuum deaeration of the recirculated stream may be required. The coating pan should maintain a constant level with minimal free fall of the dispersion to reduce air incorporation. When viscosity is reduced by dilution, anti-foaming agents must be added under slow agitation, and overdosing above 0.5% of formulation weight can create surface defects on the laminated web.
Storage and handling limitations are operationally significant at ambient temperatures below 5 °C. VAE dispersions are not freeze-thaw stable in the same manner as some acrylic emulsions; if frozen, the dispersion may coagulate irreversibly and equipment clean-down becomes difficult. Storage tanks should be constructed of stainless steel 304L or 316L, with slow-speed anchor agitation to avoid skinning. Long-term storage above 30 °C can accelerate viscosity drift and microbiological growth; a preservative program validated for non-food packaging adhesives may be required if in-line holding times exceed 48 h.
If the product has been stored for longer than 6 months under uncontrolled warehouse conditions, rheology should be re-checked against the manufacturer’s certificate of analysis. Minor viscosity drift within ±1,000 mPa·s can often be adjusted by dilution; changes greater than 2,000 mPa·s from the initial value may indicate partial destabilization or microbiological contamination. In such cases, the material should not be blended into a fresh batch without filtration through a 100 µm mesh screen.
Unlike paper or wood, polyester, oriented polypropylene, and polyethylene substrates do not absorb water. In dry-bond lamination, the adhesive must be applied, dried, and activated by heat and nip pressure. VINAVIL 2428 can form a clear flexible film at 0 °C MFFT, but water removal is solely evaporative. This favours higher drying temperatures and longer residence times. For film substrates, corona treatment to a surface energy of 40–44 mN/m is typically required, measured according to ISO 8296; untreated polyolefins with surface energy below 36 mN/m produce poor wetting and a discontinuous adhesive layer. Solventless and hot-melt adhesives often outperform waterborne VAE on high-speed film-to-film laminating lines because they do not require a drying tunnel. Where line modifications are not possible, VAE use is restricted to lower line speeds or inline pre-treatment.
In such film applications, addition of 1–3% of a compatible alkoxylated wetting agent or low-foam surfactant may be necessary; however, this must not raise foam generation above the coating pan capacity. The use of defoamers should be tested for compatibility with the polyvinyl alcohol protective colloid; silicone-based defoamers can produce fish-eye defects if added at high shear without dilution. Published data for VINAVIL 2428 in specific film-to-film laminates is limited; therefore, pilot-scale trials with the exact corona watt density, roller durometer, and nip pressure are required before production commitment.
When laminating to aluminum foil, the alkaline or acidic condition of the metal surface can affect adhesive pH and adhesion. Aluminium foil with residual rolling oils must be cleaned or corona-treated; otherwise, wetting is reduced. The use of a silane adhesion promoter at 0.5–1.5% can improve peel strength under ASTM D903 or DIN 53274, but addition must be made within the pot life of the mixed formulation because the alkoxy groups hydrolyze and condense, causing viscosity drift. Peel strength values depend on the foil temper, adhesive coat weight, and lamination pressure; no universal numeric specification is applicable.
The following matrix summarises the main differentiation criteria for product selection. Values shown for the comparative resin classes are typical industrial ranges, not manufacturer specifications for a single grade.
| Parameter | VINAVIL 2428 VAE | PVAc Homopolymer | Acrylic Emulsion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solids content by ISO 3251 | 55 ± 1% | 50–55% typical | 45–55% typical |
| MFFT by ISO 2115 | 0 °C | 15–18 °C typical | 0–5 °C typical |
| External plasticizer required | No | Yes | No |
| Low-temperature film flexibility | Moderate | Poor unless plasticized | Moderate-high |
| Wet tack on porous board | High | Moderate | Low-moderate |
| Outdoor UV resistance of clear film | Limited | Limited | Good |
| Freeze-thaw stability | Limited | Limited | Better with formulation |
VINAVIL 2428 should not be combined with cationic additives, high-acid coagulants, or strong alkali without a compatibility bench trial. pH adjustment above 8.0 can destabilize the dispersion and increase viscosity sharply; pH adjustment below 4.0 may cause coagulation. Addition of water-miscible organic solvents should be limited to 5–10% of the wet formulation because high solvent concentrations can disrupt the protective colloid and produce gel particles. In-can preservatives containing isothiazolinones may be used only after checking compatibility with the anionic/nonionic stabilizer system and local regulatory labelling requirements.
